Support Structures: architecture's role in the healing process

Happiness and good health go hand in hand, and one of the factors that determines our state of mind is the quality of our surroundings. When we are ill, upset or stressed, our heightened sense of vulnerability leaves us craving a comfortable, familiar and safe environment. The design of hospitals or other public services where people seek help or support requires a particularly sensitive approach to minimise the sense of anxiety that they can invoke and instead offer a welcoming and hassle-free place for people to deal with their problems.

In 1930, Alvar Aalto completed the Paimio Sanatorium in southern Finland, which still provides a blueprint for how to design healthcare facilities that respond to both the physical and psychological needs of their patients. As a place of recuperation for those affected by tuberculosis, the sanatorium featured expansive terraces where patients could benefit from sunlight and plentiful clean air – the best known treatment at the time – but Aalto was also aware of the importance of designing a therapeutic interior, as the recovery could be a lengthy process.

Aalto's holistic approach extended to such details as pigeonholes at the entrance where long-stay patients could store their slippers, creating a sense of homeliness. The building remains in use as a general hospital and much of the furniture that Aalto created for it is still in production.

Aspects of Aalto's design were influenced by Dutch architect Johannes Duiker's Zonnestraal Sanatorium in Hilversum, Netherlands, which was completed in 1925. Here, private and public spaces were carefully arranged to suit the patients' various needs and the complex also housed a nursery, pig farm, aviary and workshops, all intended to support the revolutionary programme of physical treatment, combined with occupational therapy, that would help ready the patients for their return to everyday life. Bierman Henket architecten and Wessel de Jonge architecten were awarded the 2010 World Monuments Fund/Knoll Modernism Prize for the restoration of the complex, which is once more providing medical care facilities to the local community.

Unfortunately, many contemporary hospitals and public service providers suffer from a lack of vision and resources, resulting in buildings whose depressingly ugly façades are matched by their impractical interiors. Whilst the public sector in many countries currently struggles to reduce costs, some private healthcare providers are commissioning top architects to help them raise the standard of their facilities. Private health company Circle hired Foster + Partners to design their first new-build hospital in Bath, England, and are set to work with the practices of Richard Rogers and Michael Hopkins on future projects.

The CircleBath facility aims to offer a premium experience that includes '30 hospital bedrooms, all en-suite, finished to a superior 5-star hotel standard.' Although this project was privately financed, the company claims that they worked to a budget similar to those of state-funded hospitals.

Public healthcare providers could certainly learn something from the methods being employed by their counterparts in the private sector, or even specialists in other areas. When design consultancy Priestmangoode decided to develop an innovative manifesto for improved healthcare facilities, they used their experience of designing first-class airline cabins and low-cost hotel rooms as a guide. The proposals include: a more efficient, multifunctional use of space; privacy for every patient; a modular design that reduces manufacturing and installation time; home comforts, including storage and entertainment systems; improved information infrastructure; and an emphasis on attractive, yet low-cost. materials and styling. The manifesto offers a vision of high-quality patient care, as well as a commercial and economic rationale for applying design thinking to the complexities of healthcare reform.

Maggie's Cancer Caring Centres is a charity providing places of refuge where people affected by cancer can receive advice and support away from the clinical conditions of the hospital. Over the past 15 years, the charity has commissioned some of the biggest names in architecture – including Frank Gehry, Zaha Hadid, Richard Rogers and Kisho Kurokawa – to design small, but ambitious, buildings from which they can offer the services that people really need.

Maggieʼs promotes a positive approach to tackling the disease. Its founder, Maggie Keswick Jones, believed that a bright and cheerful environment could enhance well-being, so each centre aims to be more like a home than a hospital in its scale, layout and the interaction between staff and users. The architects were also briefed to create buildings that were not only stimulating and enjoyable to use, but that the local community could be proud of, thus reducing the stigma associated with their function and aiding in fundraising initiatives.

The most recently completed Maggie's Centre is in Cheltenham and was designed by Sir Richard MacCormac, chairman of MJP Architects. Set in specially designed gardens, the centre is a five-minute walk from the main hospital and offers a completely different physical environment. The combination of public and private spaces is carefully designed to offer the choice of interacting one-to-one with a support worker or of enjoying the openness of the kitchen and social area.

'By being interesting yet calm, our building allows visitors to feel less anxious and shocked, more open and able to take in new information and make good contact with others. Furthermore, our staff of health professionals find the building and environment most beneficial in facilitating the work we do, as the buildings are positive environments within which to welcome and console, inform, listen and be alongside those living with cancer.'

In November work began on a new centre in Glasgow (which will be the second in the city), designed by Rem Koolhaas of OMA. The single-level building consists of a series of interconnected L-shaped spaces which differentiate the rooms but enable freedom of movement, sight and sound around the central courtyard. The floor level changes in response to the topology of the site, creating differing room heights that have been allocated different uses.

Scottish architectural practice Reiach and Hall have been asked to design a centre in the grounds of Monklands District General Hospital in Lanarkshire. Having worked on numerous hospitals and medical facilities in the past, Neil Gillespie from the firm knows what is important when designing buildings for healthcare: 'We try to create calm, still places that preserve people's dignity and do not add to their stress levels. We aim to achieve that through clarity, intelligence and simplicity. The building should be legible and easy to navigate, while the internal spaces should be well-proportioned, day-lit and centred on people rather than architectural ego.'

Maggie's Monklands aims to make the most of its setting amongst some existing lime trees on the edge of the main hospitalʼs car park. 'At its heart, the design of the Maggie's Centre at Monklands General Hospital is a tale of enclosed gardens, a linked sequence of external rooms perforating a low building that, in turn, acts as a mediator and connector between these sources of light and air,' says Gillespie. 'A brick wall binds the site enclosing this gathering of human-scaled spaces, catching sunlight and creating sheltering places.'